Series

The Two Souls of Socialism

In his pamphlet The Two Souls of Socialism, Hal Draper makes the case that Karl Marx stood for "socialism from below" against other socialist currents.

Socialism and democracy

This first installment of The Two Souls of Socialism introduces Karl Marx's idea of the self-emancipation of the working class.

May 23, 2014

Revolution from above?

Even if their rhetoric is about freedom and liberty, the currents of socialism-from-above currents take the masses out of the equation.

May 30, 2014

Government by the people

A new installment of The Two Souls of Socialism discusses the debates within German social democracy and the early American movement.

June 6, 2014

Socialism from below

Workers' struggle from below has never been stopped by the theories from above--and it has changed the world many times.

June 13, 2014