The U.S. empire and anti-Asian racism

THE TRUMP administration's aggressive stance toward North Korea has been one particularly troubling matter, among many, since the president took office last year. Since Vice President Mike Pence's visit to the Demilitarized Zone in April, it has seemed like we're teetering on the possibility of catastrophic conflict on the Korean Peninsula. One aspect of the situation that has received too little attention is the unmistakable anti-Asian racism that runs through the discussion in the United States. It is not only Donald Trump who portrays North Korean Premier Kim Jong-un as a child with the pejorative nickname "Little Rocket Man," but something that is pervasive in the mainstream media conversation. One need not have any sympathy for the authoritarianism of the North Korean regime to be shocked by the racist caricatures of Kim that have become common in major media outlets. Indeed, the straightforwardly offensive, cartoonish portrayal of Kim--whose father, the previous North Korean premier Kim Jong-il, received similar treatment--appears in print largely unchallenged, and with mundane regularity.

The portrayal of Kim as a child often accompanies threats by Trump and other officials in his administration that are nothing short of apocalyptic. Such was the president's September 19 declaration at the United Nations that the U.S. may have no choice but to "totally destroy North Korea"--as well as his defense secretary's comment that "we are not looking to the total annihilation" of North Korea, followed by the caveat that "we have many options to do so."

This is not the first time that the United States has cast itself as a reluctant destroyer in the region. On the day that the U.S. brought utter destruction to Nagasaki in August 1945, having already bombed Hiroshima, President Harry Truman gave a radio address insisting that such devastation was not the government's first choice. "The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base," Truman declared--falsely. "That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians." He concluded the thought, however, by saying that the U.S. would be forced to kill countless civilians if Japan did not surrender. Thus emerged the United States in its new role: possessor of a scientific superiority that earned it the destructive power of atomic weapons, as well as the supposed rationality for the wise--if undesirable--use of such power. This was held in contrast to Japan's behavior, which was portrayed as irrational and fanatical.

LIKE U.S. violence in Asia, the symbolic infantilization of Asians has a long history. But it has not been the only form that the representation of an Asian enemy takes. During World War Two, Japanese Emperor Hirohito was caricatured as a literal monster as in a 1942 Dr. Seuss cartoon.

Far from the tantrum-throwing child that Kim is cast as today, Hirohito and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo were presented as violent masterminds that had to be stopped at all costs. These portrayals of Asians were more akin to the "Yellow Peril" stereotype, which was also deployed alongside the restriction of Asian migration to the U.S. in the 19th and 20th centuries. The racist caricatures invented by the U.S. government and media have varied in form, but they share a purpose: Concocting an Asian "enemy" to be feared, restricted or destroyed.

Prior to World War Two, during the United States' colonial war in the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century, the Filipino adult population as a whole was considered a threat--a familiar motif throughout the history and reach of U.S. empire. This found brutal expression in the U.S. conquest of the island of Samar in 1901. In that episode of the occupation, Gen. Jacob H. Smith gave the infamous order to American troops to kill everyone over the age of 10, resulting in the massacre of thousands.

Thus an entire adult population was cast as a threat to be eliminated through violence. This is one particularly crude and brutal form of infantilization, coming not through the representation of Filipinos as children, but rather the actual, genocidal reduction of a Filipino population so that only children remain. Because the war in the Philippines was nakedly colonial (with the Philippines remaining a U.S. territory until 1946), the act of producing a nation of children without parents went hand in hand with the notion that such a nation would have to be literally and figuratively parented by the United States.

After Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945, the latter similarly cast the Japanese as children to be parented into nationhood. Toward the end of the formal U.S. occupation of Japan, which lasted until 1952, Gen. Douglas MacArthur explicitly compared the Japanese to children in a report to the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Policy Committees. "Measured by the standards of modern civilization," MacArthur said, "[The Japanese] would be like a boy of 12 compared with our development of 45 years." Lest the white supremacy of the racialized hierarchy between the American adult and Japanese child be lost, MacArthur combined the infantilization of the Japanese with the notion of white rule in the Asia. Announcing in an interview in 1949 that "the Pacific has become an Anglo-Saxon lake and our line of defense runs through the chain of islands fringing the coast of Asia," MacArthur combined a racist, colonial outlook with aggressive militarization.[1] That pairing has endured. Noting the tens of thousands of U.S. troops and other aspects of American militarization that remain in Japan today, scholar of U.S.-Japanese relations Gavin McCormack has asked "Is Japan forever twelve years old?"[2]

THE INFANTILIZATION of Asians has a particular place in the U.S. empire's disturbing history on the Korean peninsula. Known as the "Forgotten War" in the United States, the 1950-53 Korean War killed millions of Koreans and resulted in social catastrophe. One aspect of the war and its aftermath was the destruction of families and the creation of large numbers of orphaned Korean children. Americans became involved with orphanages in South Korea both through the unofficial activity of U.S. military personnel as well as American Christian adoption agencies. As scholar of Asian American Studies and U.S. empire Jodi Kim has noted, "The adoption of Korean babies after the end of the Korean War inaugurated what ultimately developed into the world's largest and longest standing transnational adoption program."[3] Moreover, as in Japan, an enormous U.S. military presence--involving tens of thousands of troops and military bases throughout the country--was a feature of postwar South Korean society and endures to this day. Though it is currently being negotiated, the United States military retains "operational control" of South Korean forces in wartime, more than six decades after the supposed end of the Korean War.[4] The South Korean state therefore remains subordinate to the United States in the geopolitical sense, and the United States' postwar relationship with South Korean society was one in which the latter was cast as a place of children in need of parents.

In recent years before Trump took office, as Kim Jong-un and his predecessor have pursued nuclear weapons, they have often been portrayed as unruly children. In his aforementioned 1945 radio address, President Truman said that it was the duty of the United States and its allies to maintain a monopoly on the creation and use of nuclear weapons because they are "too dangerous to be loose in a lawless world." "We must constitute ourselves trustees of this new force--to prevent its misuse," Truman said, enshrining a nuclear-armed American paternalism. Those of us concerned with rising tensions on the Korean Peninsula should support disarmament of all parties, starting with the United States. The U.S. remains the only country to have used atomic bombs in war, and its nuclear testing regime has lasting consequences in the Pacific. The United States' imperial, racist paternalism has no place in the demilitarized future that we are fighting for.

1. Dower, John. "Occupied Japan and the American Lake, 1945-1950." America's Asia: Dissenting Essays on Asian-American Relations. Vintage Books, 1971.
2. McCormack, Gavan. Client State: Japan in the American Embrace. Verso Books, 2007.
3. Kim, Jodi. "An 'Orphan' with Two Mothers: Transnational and Transracial Adoption, the Cold War and Contemporary Asian American Cultural Politics." American Quarterly, 61, no. 4 (2009): 855-880.
4. With no formal peace treaty ever signed, the Korean War has yet to officially end.

First published at VersoBooks.com.